{ "name": "AI release timeline", "publisher": "Holistic Hybrid Inc.", "url": "https://guidetoartificialintelligence.com/en/ai-timeline/", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "version": "1.0", "updated": "2026-10-26", "events": [ { "date": "-0750-01-01", "date_label": "c. 8th century BCE", "lab": "history", "type": "myth", "title": "Homer describes Hephaestus' golden attendants", "summary": "The Iliad describes the smith god Hephaestus working with golden maidservants who can move, speak and think, one of the oldest images of artificial helpers.", "primary_source": "https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0134:book=18", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hephaestus" }, { "date": "-0250-01-01", "date_label": "c. 3rd century BCE", "lab": "history", "type": "myth", "title": "Talos, the bronze guardian of Crete, in the Argonautica", "summary": "Apollonius of Rhodes' Argonautica tells of Talos, a bronze giant made to guard Crete, who is defeated when the fluid in his single vein drains away.", "primary_source": "https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0228:book=4", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talos" }, { "date": "0008-01-01", "date_label": "c. 8 CE", "lab": "history", "type": "literature", "title": "Ovid's Pygmalion: a statue brought to life", "summary": "In the Metamorphoses, Ovid tells of the sculptor Pygmalion, whose ivory statue is brought to life, an early story of a made figure becoming a person.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmalion_(mythology)" }, { "date": "0060-01-01", "date_label": "1st century CE", "lab": "history", "type": "invention", "title": "Hero of Alexandria writes on automata", "summary": "Hero of Alexandria described programmable automata and self-moving theatre devices driven by weights, ropes and pegged drums.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria" }, { "date": "1206-01-01", "date_label": "1206", "lab": "history", "type": "invention", "title": "Al-Jazari's Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices", "summary": "The engineer Ismail al-Jazari completed an illustrated treatise describing water clocks and automata, including mechanical musicians and a serving figure.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_al-Jazari" }, { "date": "1305-01-01", "date_label": "c. 1305", "lab": "history", "type": "concept", "title": "Ramon Llull's Ars Magna", "summary": "The Majorcan philosopher Ramon Llull presented a method of combining basic concepts with rotating paper discs to generate statements mechanically, later cited as an ancestor of logical computation.", "primary_source": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/llull/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Llull" }, { "date": "1495-01-01", "date_label": "c. 1495", "lab": "history", "type": "invention", "title": "Leonardo da Vinci's mechanical knight", "summary": "Leonardo da Vinci sketched an armoured knight moved by pulleys and cables that could sit, stand and move its arms.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo%27s_robot" }, { "date": "1580-01-01", "date_label": "16th century (legend)", "lab": "history", "type": "myth", "title": "The golem of Prague legend", "summary": "Jewish folklore tells of a golem, a clay figure animated through sacred words; the best-known version credits Rabbi Judah Loew of Prague with making one to protect the community.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golem" }, { "date": "1637-01-01", "date_label": "1637", "lab": "history", "type": "concept", "title": "Descartes asks whether machines could think", "summary": "In the Discourse on the Method, René Descartes argued that a machine could imitate a body but could never use language flexibly or reason across all situations as a person does.", "primary_source": "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/59", "secondary_source": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes/" }, { "date": "1651-01-01", "date_label": "1651", "lab": "history", "type": "concept", "title": "Hobbes: reasoning is reckoning", "summary": "In Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes described reasoning as a form of calculation, adding and subtracting ideas, a view later linked to computational theories of mind.", "primary_source": "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/3207", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" }, { "date": "1666-01-01", "date_label": "1666", "lab": "history", "type": "concept", "title": "Leibniz imagines a calculus of reasoning", "summary": "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz's Dissertation on the Art of Combinations began his project of a universal symbolic language and a calculus ratiocinator in which disputes could be settled by calculation.", "primary_source": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/leibniz-logic-influence/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus_ratiocinator" }, { "date": "1726-10-28", "date_label": "28 October 1726", "lab": "history", "type": "literature", "title": "Swift's 'Engine' in Gulliver's Travels", "summary": "Jonathan Swift's satire describes a professor at Lagado whose engine of rotating word blocks produces books by random combination, an early parody of mechanical text generation.", "primary_source": "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/829", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Engine" }, { "date": "1739-01-01", "date_label": "1739", "lab": "history", "type": "invention", "title": "Vaucanson's Digesting Duck", "summary": "Jacques de Vaucanson exhibited a mechanical duck that appeared to eat and digest grain, one of the most famous automata of the 18th century.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digesting_Duck" }, { "date": "1768-01-01", "date_label": "1768–1774", "lab": "history", "type": "invention", "title": "Jaquet-Droz automata: the Writer, the Draughtsman and the Musician", "summary": "Swiss watchmakers Pierre Jaquet-Droz, his son Henri-Louis and Jean-Frédéric Leschot built three automata, including a boy who writes a programmable text with a quill.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaquet-Droz_automata" }, { "date": "1770-01-01", "date_label": "1770", "lab": "history", "type": "invention", "title": "The Mechanical Turk chess automaton", "summary": "Wolfgang von Kempelen presented a chess-playing automaton at the Habsburg court; it toured for decades before being revealed as a hidden human operator.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_Turk" }, { "date": "1816-01-01", "date_label": "1816", "lab": "history", "type": "literature", "title": "E. T. A. Hoffmann's 'The Sandman'", "summary": "Hoffmann's story follows a student who falls in love with Olimpia, a lifelike automaton, a theme later studied as the uncanny.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sandman_(short_story)" }, { "date": "1818-01-01", "date_label": "1 January 1818", "lab": "history", "type": "literature", "title": "Mary Shelley's Frankenstein", "summary": "Mary Shelley's novel tells of a scientist who creates a living being and then abandons it, a lasting reference point for debates about creators and their creations.", "primary_source": "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/41445", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" }, { "date": "1822-01-01", "date_label": "1822", "lab": "history", "type": "invention", "title": "Babbage proposes the Difference Engine", "summary": "Charles Babbage announced plans for a machine to calculate mathematical tables automatically, the first of his mechanical computing designs.", "primary_source": "https://www.computerhistory.org/babbage/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difference_engine" }, { "date": "1837-01-01", "date_label": "1837", "lab": "history", "type": "invention", "title": "Babbage describes the Analytical Engine", "summary": "Babbage designed a general-purpose mechanical computer with a store, a mill and punched-card input, though it was never completed.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_engine" }, { "date": "1843-01-01", "date_label": "1843", "lab": "history", "type": "paper", "title": "Ada Lovelace's notes on the Analytical Engine", "summary": "Ada Lovelace translated Menabrea's article on the Analytical Engine and added notes, including a method to compute Bernoulli numbers and the remark that the machine could not originate anything on its own.", "primary_source": "https://www.fourmilab.ch/babbage/sketch.html", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace" }, { "date": "1854-01-01", "date_label": "1854", "lab": "history", "type": "paper", "title": "Boole's The Laws of Thought", "summary": "George Boole published an algebra of logic in which reasoning is expressed with symbols and operations, the basis of the Boolean logic used in computers.", "primary_source": "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/15114", "secondary_source": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/boole/" }, { "date": "1863-06-13", "date_label": "13 June 1863", "lab": "history", "type": "literature", "title": "Samuel Butler's 'Darwin among the Machines'", "summary": "In a letter to a New Zealand newspaper, Samuel Butler suggested that machines might evolve and one day overtake humanity.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_among_the_Machines" }, { "date": "1872-01-01", "date_label": "1872", "lab": "history", "type": "literature", "title": "Butler's Erewhon and 'The Book of the Machines'", "summary": "Butler's novel Erewhon describes a society that has banned machines for fear they would develop consciousness.", "primary_source": "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1906", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erewhon" }, { "date": "1886-01-01", "date_label": "1886", "lab": "history", "type": "literature", "title": "L'Ève future popularises the word 'android'", "summary": "Auguste Villiers de l'Isle-Adam's novel features an artificial woman built by a fictional Thomas Edison and helped spread the term andréide (android).", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Future_Eve" }, { "date": "1909-11-01", "date_label": "November 1909", "lab": "history", "type": "literature", "title": "E. M. Forster's 'The Machine Stops'", "summary": "Forster's short story imagines people living isolated lives entirely dependent on a global machine that eventually fails.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Machine_Stops" }, { "date": "1912-01-01", "date_label": "1912", "lab": "history", "type": "invention", "title": "Torres Quevedo's El Ajedrecista", "summary": "Spanish engineer Leonardo Torres Quevedo built an electromechanical machine that could play a king-and-rook chess endgame against a human without help.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Ajedrecista" }, { "date": "1921-01-25", "date_label": "25 January 1921", "lab": "history", "type": "literature", "title": "Karel Čapek's R.U.R. introduces the word 'robot'", "summary": "Čapek's play about artificial workers who rebel against their makers premiered in Prague and gave the world the word robot.", "primary_source": "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/59112", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.U.R." }, { "date": "1927-01-10", "date_label": "10 January 1927", "lab": "history", "type": "film", "title": "Fritz Lang's Metropolis", "summary": "Lang's silent film, which features a robot made to impersonate a woman named Maria, premiered in Berlin and shaped later screen images of robots.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)" }, { "date": "1936-01-01", "date_label": "1936", "lab": "history", "type": "paper", "title": "Turing's 'On Computable Numbers'", "summary": "Alan Turing described an abstract machine that manipulates symbols on a tape and showed that a universal machine could carry out any computation, a foundation of computer science.", "primary_source": "https://www.cs.virginia.edu/~robins/Turing_Paper_1936.pdf", "secondary_source": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/turing-machine/" }, { "date": "1942-03-01", "date_label": "March 1942", "lab": "history", "type": "literature", "title": "Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics in 'Runaround'", "summary": "Isaac Asimov's short story 'Runaround' set out the Three Laws of Robotics, rules meant to keep robots safe and obedient to humans.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Laws_of_Robotics" }, { "date": "1943-01-01", "date_label": "1943", "lab": "history", "type": "paper", "title": "McCulloch and Pitts model the neuron", "summary": "Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts showed that networks of simple on/off model neurons could compute logical functions, the first mathematical model of a neural network.", "primary_source": "https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02478259", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neuron" }, { "date": "1946-02-01", "date_label": "February 1946", "lab": "history", "type": "invention", "title": "ENIAC is unveiled", "summary": "The University of Pennsylvania publicly presented ENIAC, a programmable electronic general-purpose computer built for the U.S. Army.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" }, { "date": "1948-01-01", "date_label": "1948", "lab": "history", "type": "paper", "title": "Norbert Wiener's Cybernetics", "summary": "Norbert Wiener's book introduced cybernetics, the study of control and communication through feedback in animals and machines.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybernetics:_Or_Control_and_Communication_in_the_Animal_and_the_Machine" }, { "date": "1948-01-01", "date_label": "1948", "lab": "history", "type": "paper", "title": "Turing's report 'Intelligent Machinery'", "summary": "In an unpublished report for the National Physical Laboratory, Turing discussed machines that learn and early network-like 'unorganised machines'.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unorganized_machine" }, { "date": "1949-01-01", "date_label": "1949", "lab": "history", "type": "paper", "title": "Hebb's The Organization of Behavior", "summary": "Psychologist Donald Hebb proposed that connections between neurons strengthen when they are active together, a learning rule that influenced neural network research.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebbian_theory" }, { "date": "1949-01-01", "date_label": "1948–1949", "lab": "history", "type": "invention", "title": "Grey Walter's robot tortoises", "summary": "Neurophysiologist William Grey Walter built small autonomous robots, Elmer and Elsie, that used light sensors to steer and find their charging station.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grey_Walter" }, { "date": "1950-03-01", "date_label": "March 1950", "lab": "history", "type": "paper", "title": "Shannon's 'Programming a Computer for Playing Chess'", "summary": "Claude Shannon set out how a computer could play chess by evaluating positions and searching ahead, a template for game-playing programs.", "primary_source": "https://doi.org/10.1080/14786445008521796", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon" }, { "date": "1950-10-01", "date_label": "October 1950", "lab": "history", "type": "paper", "title": "Turing's 'Computing Machinery and Intelligence'", "summary": "Turing replaced the question 'Can machines think?' with the imitation game, now called the Turing test, and answered common objections to machine intelligence.", "primary_source": "https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433", "secondary_source": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/turing-test/" }, { "date": "1950-12-02", "date_label": "2 December 1950", "lab": "history", "type": "literature", "title": "Asimov's I, Robot", "summary": "Asimov collected his robot stories, built around the Three Laws, into the book I, Robot.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I,_Robot" }, { "date": "1951-01-01", "date_label": "1951", "lab": "history", "type": "invention", "title": "Minsky and Edmonds build SNARC", "summary": "Marvin Minsky and Dean Edmonds built SNARC, a machine of about 40 artificial neurons using vacuum tubes that simulated a rat learning a maze.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_Neural_Analog_Reinforcement_Calculator" }, { "date": "1952-01-01", "date_label": "1951–1952", "lab": "history", "type": "program", "title": "Strachey's draughts program", "summary": "Christopher Strachey wrote one of the first game-playing programs, a draughts (checkers) player that ran on the Ferranti Mark 1.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Strachey" }, { "date": "1954-01-07", "date_label": "7 January 1954", "lab": "history", "type": "event", "title": "Georgetown–IBM machine translation demonstration", "summary": "Georgetown University and IBM publicly demonstrated a computer translating more than sixty Russian sentences into English, the first public machine-translation demo.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown%E2%80%93IBM_experiment" }, { "date": "1955-08-31", "date_label": "31 August 1955", "lab": "history", "type": "paper", "title": "Dartmouth proposal coins 'artificial intelligence'", "summary": "John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Nathaniel Rochester and Claude Shannon proposed a summer research project on 'artificial intelligence', the first known use of the term.", "primary_source": "http://jmc.stanford.edu/articles/dartmouth/dartmouth.pdf", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_workshop" }, { "date": "1956-01-01", "date_label": "1956", "lab": "history", "type": "program", "title": "Newell, Shaw and Simon's Logic Theorist", "summary": "Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw and Herbert Simon presented the Logic Theorist, a program that proved theorems from Principia Mathematica, often called the first AI program.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_Theorist" }, { "date": "1956-06-01", "date_label": "Summer 1956", "lab": "history", "type": "event", "title": "The Dartmouth Summer Research Project", "summary": "About a dozen researchers met at Dartmouth College over roughly eight weeks; the workshop is widely treated as the founding event of AI as a field.", "primary_source": "https://home.dartmouth.edu/about/artificial-intelligence-ai-coined-dartmouth", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_workshop" }, { "date": "1957-01-01", "date_label": "1957", "lab": "history", "type": "program", "title": "General Problem Solver", "summary": "Newell, Shaw and Simon began the General Problem Solver, a program meant to solve many kinds of formal problems using means-ends analysis.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Problem_Solver" }, { "date": "1958-01-01", "date_label": "1958", "lab": "history", "type": "research", "title": "Rosenblatt's Perceptron", "summary": "Frank Rosenblatt published the perceptron, a trainable single-layer neural network, and demonstrated it for the U.S. Navy; the Mark I Perceptron hardware followed.", "primary_source": "https://doi.org/10.1037/h0042519", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptron" }, { "date": "1958-01-01", "date_label": "1958", "lab": "history", "type": "invention", "title": "John McCarthy creates Lisp", "summary": "McCarthy designed Lisp, a programming language based on symbolic lists that became the main language of AI research for decades.", "primary_source": "http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/recursive.pdf", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" }, { "date": "1959-01-01", "date_label": "1959", "lab": "history", "type": "event", "title": "McCarthy and Minsky start the MIT AI Project", "summary": "McCarthy and Minsky founded the Artificial Intelligence Project at MIT, which grew into one of the field's leading laboratories.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory" }, { "date": "1959-07-01", "date_label": "July 1959", "lab": "history", "type": "paper", "title": "Arthur Samuel's checkers program and 'machine learning'", "summary": "Arthur Samuel of IBM published his work on a checkers program that improved by playing itself, helping establish the term machine learning.", "primary_source": "https://doi.org/10.1147/rd.33.0210", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Samuel_(computer_scientist)" }, { "date": "1961-01-01", "date_label": "1961", "lab": "history", "type": "invention", "title": "Unimate, the first industrial robot, goes to work", "summary": "The Unimate robotic arm, developed by George Devol and Joseph Engelberger, began handling hot die-cast parts at a General Motors plant in New Jersey.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unimate" }, { "date": "1965-01-01", "date_label": "1965", "lab": "history", "type": "program", "title": "DENDRAL project begins", "summary": "Edward Feigenbaum, Joshua Lederberg and colleagues at Stanford started DENDRAL, a program that inferred molecular structures from mass-spectrometry data and became the first expert system.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendral" }, { "date": "1966-01-01", "date_label": "January 1966", "lab": "history", "type": "program", "title": "Weizenbaum's ELIZA", "summary": "Joseph Weizenbaum published ELIZA, a program that held text conversations by matching patterns; its 'DOCTOR' script imitated a psychotherapist and many users attributed understanding to it.", "primary_source": "https://doi.org/10.1145/365153.365168", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELIZA" }, { "date": "1966-01-01", "date_label": "1966–1972", "lab": "history", "type": "research", "title": "Shakey the robot at SRI", "summary": "SRI's Shakey was the first mobile robot to reason about its own actions, combining vision, planning and movement; the project produced the A* search algorithm.", "primary_source": "https://www.sri.com/hoi/shakey-the-robot/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakey_the_robot" }, { "date": "1966-11-01", "date_label": "November 1966", "lab": "history", "type": "event", "title": "ALPAC report on machine translation", "summary": "A U.S. advisory committee concluded that machine translation had not met expectations, leading to sharp cuts in funding for the work.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALPAC" }, { "date": "1968-01-01", "date_label": "1968", "lab": "history", "type": "literature", "title": "Philip K. Dick's Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?", "summary": "Dick's novel follows a bounty hunter tracking androids nearly indistinguishable from humans, raising questions about empathy and identity.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_Androids_Dream_of_Electric_Sheep%3F" }, { "date": "1968-04-02", "date_label": "2 April 1968", "lab": "history", "type": "film", "title": "2001: A Space Odyssey and HAL 9000", "summary": "Stanley Kubrick's film, written with Arthur C. Clarke, premiered with HAL 9000, a conversational computer that turns against the crew.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAL_9000" }, { "date": "1969-01-01", "date_label": "1969", "lab": "history", "type": "paper", "title": "Minsky and Papert's Perceptrons", "summary": "Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert analysed the limits of single-layer perceptrons, and the book is often linked to a decline in neural network research.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptrons_(book)" }, { "date": "1969-01-01", "date_label": "1969", "lab": "history", "type": "paper", "title": "McCarthy and Hayes describe the frame problem", "summary": "John McCarthy and Patrick Hayes identified the frame problem: how a reasoning system can represent what stays unchanged when an action occurs.", "primary_source": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/frame-problem/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_problem" }, { "date": "1970-01-01", "date_label": "1968–1970", "lab": "history", "type": "program", "title": "Winograd's SHRDLU", "summary": "Terry Winograd's SHRDLU understood typed English commands about a simulated world of blocks and could answer questions about it.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHRDLU" }, { "date": "1972-01-01", "date_label": "1972", "lab": "history", "type": "invention", "title": "Prolog programming language", "summary": "Alain Colmerauer and Philippe Roussel created Prolog, a logic programming language widely used in AI and later chosen for Japan's Fifth Generation project.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolog" }, { "date": "1972-01-01", "date_label": "1972", "lab": "history", "type": "program", "title": "Colby's PARRY", "summary": "Psychiatrist Kenneth Colby built PARRY, a program simulating a person with paranoid schizophrenia; it was later connected to ELIZA for a recorded machine-to-machine conversation.", "primary_source": "https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc439", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PARRY" }, { "date": "1972-01-01", "date_label": "1970s (1972–1976)", "lab": "history", "type": "program", "title": "MYCIN expert system", "summary": "Stanford's MYCIN used several hundred rules to recommend antibiotics for blood infections, performing comparably to specialists in tests though it was never used clinically.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycin" }, { "date": "1973-01-01", "date_label": "1973", "lab": "history", "type": "event", "title": "The Lighthill report", "summary": "A review for the UK Science Research Council by James Lighthill judged that AI had failed to deliver on its promises, leading to major funding cuts in Britain.", "primary_source": "http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/inf/literature/reports/lighthill_report/p001.htm", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthill_report" }, { "date": "1974-01-01", "date_label": "c. 1974–1980", "lab": "history", "type": "event", "title": "The first AI winter", "summary": "After the Lighthill report and U.S. funding changes, money and interest in AI research fell sharply for several years.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_winter" }, { "date": "1980-01-01", "date_label": "1980", "lab": "history", "type": "program", "title": "XCON expert system enters commercial use", "summary": "Digital Equipment Corporation began using XCON (R1), a rule-based system that configured computer orders, a sign of the commercial expert systems boom.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xcon" }, { "date": "1980-01-01", "date_label": "1980", "lab": "history", "type": "paper", "title": "Searle's Chinese room argument", "summary": "Philosopher John Searle argued that a program manipulating symbols by rules would not understand language, even if its answers looked fluent.", "primary_source": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/chinese-room/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_room" }, { "date": "1982-01-01", "date_label": "1982", "lab": "history", "type": "event", "title": "Japan's Fifth Generation Computer project", "summary": "Japan's trade ministry launched a ten-year national programme to build logic-based computers for AI, prompting rival programmes in the U.S. and Europe.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Generation_Computer_Systems" }, { "date": "1982-04-01", "date_label": "April 1982", "lab": "history", "type": "paper", "title": "Hopfield networks", "summary": "Physicist John Hopfield described a recurrent neural network that stores memories as stable states, helping revive interest in neural networks.", "primary_source": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.79.8.2554", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopfield_network" }, { "date": "1982-06-25", "date_label": "25 June 1982", "lab": "history", "type": "film", "title": "Blade Runner", "summary": "Ridley Scott's film, adapted from Philip K. Dick's novel, brought artificial humans called replicants to a wide audience.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blade_Runner" }, { "date": "1984-01-01", "date_label": "1984", "lab": "history", "type": "research", "title": "The Cyc project begins", "summary": "Douglas Lenat started Cyc, a long-running effort to hand-encode millions of common-sense facts and rules.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyc" }, { "date": "1984-07-01", "date_label": "July 1984", "lab": "history", "type": "literature", "title": "William Gibson's Neuromancer", "summary": "Gibson's novel, featuring AIs named Wintermute and Neuromancer, popularised the idea of cyberspace and shaped cyberpunk fiction.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromancer" }, { "date": "1984-10-26", "date_label": "26 October 1984", "lab": "history", "type": "film", "title": "The Terminator", "summary": "James Cameron's film about Skynet, a defence AI that turns on humanity, became a common cultural reference for AI risk.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Terminator" }, { "date": "1986-10-09", "date_label": "9 October 1986", "lab": "history", "type": "paper", "title": "Rumelhart, Hinton and Williams popularise backpropagation", "summary": "A paper in Nature showed how backpropagation of errors could train multi-layer neural networks to learn useful internal representations.", "primary_source": "https://doi.org/10.1038/323533a0", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backpropagation" }, { "date": "1987-01-01", "date_label": "late 1980s – early 1990s", "lab": "history", "type": "event", "title": "The second AI winter", "summary": "The market for specialised Lisp machines collapsed in 1987 and expert systems proved costly to maintain, leading to another drop in AI funding.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_winter" }, { "date": "1988-01-01", "date_label": "1988", "lab": "history", "type": "program", "title": "Jabberwacky chatbot project begins", "summary": "Rollo Carpenter began Jabberwacky, a chatbot meant to learn conversation from its users; it went online in 1997.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabberwacky" }, { "date": "1989-01-01", "date_label": "1989", "lab": "history", "type": "paper", "title": "LeCun applies backpropagation to handwritten digits", "summary": "Yann LeCun and colleagues at Bell Labs trained a convolutional neural network to read handwritten ZIP codes.", "primary_source": "https://doi.org/10.1162/neco.1989.1.4.541", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolutional_neural_network" }, { "date": "1991-11-08", "date_label": "8 November 1991", "lab": "history", "type": "event", "title": "First Loebner Prize contest", "summary": "The first Loebner Prize, an annual Turing-test style competition for chatbots, was held at the Computer Museum in Boston.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loebner_Prize" }, { "date": "1992-01-01", "date_label": "1992", "lab": "history", "type": "program", "title": "Tesauro's TD-Gammon", "summary": "Gerald Tesauro of IBM built TD-Gammon, a neural network that learned backgammon by playing itself and reached near top human level.", "primary_source": "https://doi.org/10.1145/203330.203343", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD-Gammon" }, { "date": "1995-01-01", "date_label": "1995", "lab": "history", "type": "paper", "title": "Support-vector networks", "summary": "Corinna Cortes and Vladimir Vapnik published support-vector machines, a classification method that dominated much of machine learning for the next decade.", "primary_source": "https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00994018", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Support_vector_machine" }, { "date": "1995-11-23", "date_label": "23 November 1995", "lab": "history", "type": "program", "title": "Richard Wallace's A.L.I.C.E.", "summary": "Richard Wallace released A.L.I.C.E., a pattern-matching chatbot written in AIML that later won the Loebner Prize three times.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Linguistic_Internet_Computer_Entity" }, { "date": "1997-05-11", "date_label": "11 May 1997", "lab": "history", "type": "event", "title": "Deep Blue defeats Garry Kasparov", "summary": "IBM's Deep Blue won a six-game match against world chess champion Garry Kasparov, the first match loss by a reigning champion to a computer under tournament conditions.", "primary_source": "https://www.ibm.com/history/deep-blue", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Blue_versus_Garry_Kasparov" }, { "date": "1997-11-15", "date_label": "15 November 1997", "lab": "history", "type": "paper", "title": "Long short-term memory (LSTM)", "summary": "Sepp Hochreiter and Jürgen Schmidhuber introduced LSTM, a recurrent network design that can retain information over long sequences.", "primary_source": "https://doi.org/10.1162/neco.1997.9.8.1735", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_short-term_memory" }, { "date": "1998-11-01", "date_label": "November 1998", "lab": "history", "type": "paper", "title": "LeNet-5 and the MNIST dataset", "summary": "LeCun, Bottou, Bengio and Haffner described gradient-based learning for document recognition, including the LeNet-5 network used to read cheques.", "primary_source": "https://doi.org/10.1109/5.726791", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LeNet" }, { "date": "2000-01-01", "date_label": "2000", "lab": "history", "type": "invention", "title": "Honda's ASIMO", "summary": "Honda unveiled ASIMO, a humanoid robot able to walk smoothly and climb stairs.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIMO" }, { "date": "2002-09-01", "date_label": "September 2002", "lab": "history", "type": "invention", "title": "iRobot's Roomba", "summary": "iRobot launched the Roomba vacuum cleaner, which became the first widely sold home robot.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roomba" }, { "date": "2004-03-13", "date_label": "13 March 2004", "lab": "history", "type": "event", "title": "First DARPA Grand Challenge", "summary": "DARPA held a race for driverless vehicles in the Mojave Desert; no vehicle finished, and the best travelled about 12 km.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA_Grand_Challenge_(2004)" }, { "date": "2005-10-08", "date_label": "8 October 2005", "lab": "history", "type": "event", "title": "Stanford's Stanley wins the DARPA Grand Challenge", "summary": "Five autonomous vehicles completed the 212 km desert course, with Stanford's Stanley finishing first.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA_Grand_Challenge_(2005)" }, { "date": "2006-07-01", "date_label": "July 2006", "lab": "history", "type": "paper", "title": "Hinton's deep belief networks", "summary": "Geoffrey Hinton, Simon Osindero and Yee-Whye Teh showed how to train deep neural networks one layer at a time, a turning point for what became known as deep learning.", "primary_source": "https://doi.org/10.1162/neco.2006.18.7.1527", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_belief_network" }, { "date": "2009-06-01", "date_label": "June 2009", "lab": "history", "type": "research", "title": "ImageNet dataset", "summary": "Fei-Fei Li and colleagues presented ImageNet, a database of millions of labelled images that became the main benchmark for computer vision.", "primary_source": "https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2009.5206848", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImageNet" }, { "date": "2010-01-01", "date_label": "2010", "lab": "history", "type": "event", "title": "DeepMind founded", "summary": "Demis Hassabis, Shane Legg and Mustafa Suleyman founded DeepMind in London to research general-purpose learning systems.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_DeepMind" }, { "date": "2011-02-16", "date_label": "14–16 February 2011", "lab": "history", "type": "event", "title": "IBM Watson wins Jeopardy!", "summary": "IBM's Watson question-answering system beat champions Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter on the television quiz show Jeopardy!.", "primary_source": "https://www.ibm.com/history/watson-jeopardy", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Watson" }, { "date": "2011-10-04", "date_label": "4 October 2011", "lab": "history", "type": "program", "title": "Siri launches on the iPhone 4S", "summary": "Apple announced Siri, a voice assistant built on technology from a startup it had acquired, as a feature of the iPhone 4S.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siri" }, { "date": "2012-01-01", "date_label": "2012", "lab": "history", "type": "research", "title": "AlexNet wins ImageNet", "summary": "Alex Krizhevsky, Ilya Sutskever and Geoffrey Hinton's convolutional network, trained on GPUs, won the ImageNet challenge by a wide margin, starting the deep learning boom.", "primary_source": "https://papers.nips.cc/paper/2012/hash/c399862d3b9d6b76c8436e924a68c45b-Abstract.html", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlexNet" }, { "date": "2012-06-01", "date_label": "June 2012", "lab": "history", "type": "research", "title": "Google Brain learns to recognise cats", "summary": "A Google and Stanford team trained a large neural network on unlabelled YouTube frames; it learned features responding to faces and cats.", "primary_source": "https://arxiv.org/abs/1112.6209", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Brain" }, { "date": "2013-01-16", "date_label": "16 January 2013", "lab": "history", "type": "paper", "title": "word2vec", "summary": "Tomas Mikolov and colleagues at Google published word2vec, an efficient way to represent words as vectors that capture meaning from context.", "primary_source": "https://arxiv.org/abs/1301.3781", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word2vec" }, { "date": "2013-12-19", "date_label": "19 December 2013", "lab": "history", "type": "paper", "title": "DeepMind's deep Q-network plays Atari", "summary": "DeepMind showed a single neural network learning to play several Atari games directly from screen pixels using reinforcement learning.", "primary_source": "https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.5602", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_reinforcement_learning" }, { "date": "2014-01-26", "date_label": "26 January 2014", "lab": "history", "type": "event", "title": "Google acquires DeepMind", "summary": "Google agreed to buy DeepMind, reportedly for around 400 to 650 million U.S. dollars.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_DeepMind" }, { "date": "2014-06-07", "date_label": "7 June 2014", "lab": "history", "type": "event", "title": "Eugene Goostman Turing test claim", "summary": "Organisers at the University of Reading claimed the chatbot Eugene Goostman passed a Turing test by convincing a third of judges; many researchers disputed the claim.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Goostman" }, { "date": "2014-06-10", "date_label": "10 June 2014", "lab": "history", "type": "paper", "title": "Generative adversarial networks", "summary": "Ian Goodfellow and colleagues introduced GANs, in which two networks compete, one generating samples and one judging them, to produce realistic data.", "primary_source": "https://arxiv.org/abs/1406.2661", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_adversarial_network" }, { "date": "2014-09-01", "date_label": "1 September 2014", "lab": "history", "type": "paper", "title": "Attention mechanism for neural translation", "summary": "Dzmitry Bahdanau, Kyunghyun Cho and Yoshua Bengio added an attention mechanism letting a translation network focus on relevant source words, a precursor to transformers.", "primary_source": "https://arxiv.org/abs/1409.0473", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_(machine_learning)" }, { "date": "2014-09-10", "date_label": "10 September 2014", "lab": "history", "type": "paper", "title": "Sequence-to-sequence learning", "summary": "Ilya Sutskever, Oriol Vinyals and Quoc Le showed that LSTM networks could map one sequence to another, achieving strong machine translation results.", "primary_source": "https://arxiv.org/abs/1409.3215", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seq2seq" }, { "date": "2014-11-06", "date_label": "6 November 2014", "lab": "history", "type": "program", "title": "Amazon Echo and Alexa", "summary": "Amazon introduced the Echo speaker with its voice assistant Alexa, initially by invitation.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Echo" }, { "date": "2015-11-09", "date_label": "9 November 2015", "lab": "history", "type": "invention", "title": "Google open-sources TensorFlow", "summary": "Google released TensorFlow, its machine learning software library, as open source.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TensorFlow" }, { "date": "2015-12-10", "date_label": "10 December 2015", "lab": "history", "type": "paper", "title": "Residual networks (ResNet)", "summary": "Kaiming He and colleagues at Microsoft Research introduced residual connections that made very deep networks trainable, winning ImageNet 2015.", "primary_source": "https://arxiv.org/abs/1512.03385", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residual_neural_network" }, { "date": "2015-12-11", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "event", "title": "OpenAI founded", "summary": "OpenAI was announced as a non-profit AI research lab with backing from several tech investors.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/introducing-openai/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" }, { "date": "2016-01-27", "date_label": "27 January 2016", "lab": "history", "type": "paper", "title": "AlphaGo paper and win over Fan Hui", "summary": "DeepMind published AlphaGo in Nature, revealing it had beaten European champion Fan Hui 5–0 in October 2015, the first win by a program over a professional Go player on a full board without handicap.", "primary_source": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16961", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaGo_versus_Fan_Hui" }, { "date": "2016-03-15", "date_label": "9–15 March 2016", "lab": "history", "type": "event", "title": "AlphaGo defeats Lee Sedol", "summary": "DeepMind's AlphaGo beat Go champion Lee Sedol four games to one in Seoul, a milestone many experts had expected to be a decade away.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaGo_versus_Lee_Sedol" }, { "date": "2016-03-23", "date_label": "23 March 2016", "lab": "history", "type": "program", "title": "Microsoft's Tay chatbot", "summary": "Microsoft launched Tay, a Twitter chatbot that learned from users; it was taken offline within a day after being manipulated into posting offensive messages.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tay_(chatbot)" }, { "date": "2016-09-08", "date_label": "8 September 2016", "lab": "history", "type": "paper", "title": "DeepMind's WaveNet", "summary": "DeepMind introduced WaveNet, a neural network that generates raw audio waveforms and produced more natural synthetic speech.", "primary_source": "https://arxiv.org/abs/1609.03499", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WaveNet" }, { "date": "2016-09-27", "date_label": "27 September 2016", "lab": "history", "type": "research", "title": "Google Neural Machine Translation", "summary": "Google announced a neural machine translation system, first used for Chinese to English in Google Translate, replacing its phrase-based approach.", "primary_source": "https://arxiv.org/abs/1609.08144", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Neural_Machine_Translation" }, { "date": "2017-06-12", "date_label": "", "lab": "google", "type": "paper", "title": "Attention Is All You Need", "summary": "Google researchers introduced the Transformer architecture, which underlies modern large language models.", "primary_source": "https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.03762", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_Is_All_You_Need" }, { "date": "2018-06-11", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "paper", "title": "GPT-1: generative pre-training paper", "summary": "OpenAI described a transformer language model pre-trained on unlabeled text and then fine-tuned for specific tasks, the first model later called GPT.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/language-unsupervised/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-1" }, { "date": "2018-10-11", "date_label": "", "lab": "google", "type": "paper", "title": "BERT paper", "summary": "Google introduced BERT, a bidirectional transformer pre-trained on text, which set records on language understanding tasks.", "primary_source": "https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.04805", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BERT_(language_model)" }, { "date": "2019-02-14", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "model", "title": "GPT-2 announced with staged release", "summary": "OpenAI unveiled the 1.5-billion-parameter GPT-2 but released only a small version, citing misuse concerns.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/better-language-models/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-2" }, { "date": "2019-03-11", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "policy", "title": "OpenAI LP capped-profit structure", "summary": "OpenAI created a capped-profit company under its non-profit to raise outside capital.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/openai-lp/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" }, { "date": "2019-04-25", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "model", "title": "MuseNet music model", "summary": "OpenAI showed a transformer that composes multi-instrument music in several styles.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/musenet/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" }, { "date": "2019-07-22", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "event", "title": "Microsoft invests $1 billion in OpenAI", "summary": "Microsoft agreed to invest one billion dollars and become OpenAI's exclusive cloud provider.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/microsoft-invests-in-and-partners-with-openai/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" }, { "date": "2019-08-20", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "model", "title": "GPT-2 774M model released", "summary": "As part of the staged release, OpenAI published the 774-million-parameter GPT-2 model with a six-month report.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/gpt-2-6-month-follow-up/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-2" }, { "date": "2019-10-25", "date_label": "", "lab": "google", "type": "product", "title": "BERT used in Google Search", "summary": "Google said it was using BERT to better understand search queries.", "primary_source": "https://blog.google/products/search/search-language-understanding-bert/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BERT_(language_model)" }, { "date": "2019-11-05", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "model", "title": "Full GPT-2 (1.5B) released", "summary": "OpenAI completed the staged release by publishing the full 1.5-billion-parameter GPT-2 weights.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/gpt-2-1-5b-release/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-2" }, { "date": "2020-04-30", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "model", "title": "Jukebox music generation model", "summary": "OpenAI released a model that generates raw audio songs, including rudimentary singing.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/jukebox/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" }, { "date": "2020-05-28", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "paper", "title": "GPT-3 paper: Language Models are Few-Shot Learners", "summary": "OpenAI described the 175-billion-parameter GPT-3 and showed it could do tasks from a few examples in the prompt.", "primary_source": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.14165", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-3" }, { "date": "2020-06-11", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "api", "title": "OpenAI API launched (GPT-3 private beta)", "summary": "OpenAI opened a commercial API giving waitlisted developers access to GPT-3 models.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/openai-api/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-3" }, { "date": "2021-01-05", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "model", "title": "CLIP released", "summary": "OpenAI released CLIP, a model that learns to link images and text from internet data.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/clip/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrastive_Language-Image_Pre-training" }, { "date": "2021-01-05", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "model", "title": "DALL-E announced", "summary": "OpenAI showed a GPT-3-style model that creates images from text descriptions.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/dall-e/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DALL-E" }, { "date": "2021-05-18", "date_label": "", "lab": "google", "type": "model", "title": "LaMDA unveiled", "summary": "Google showed LaMDA, a conversational language model, at Google I/O.", "primary_source": "https://blog.google/technology/ai/lamda/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaMDA" }, { "date": "2021-07-07", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "paper", "title": "Codex paper: Evaluating LLMs Trained on Code", "summary": "OpenAI published research on Codex, a GPT model fine-tuned on public code, and introduced the HumanEval benchmark.", "primary_source": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2107.03374", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI_Codex" }, { "date": "2021-08-10", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "api", "title": "OpenAI Codex in the API", "summary": "OpenAI released an improved Codex model to API beta users, able to turn natural language into code.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/openai-codex/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI_Codex" }, { "date": "2021-11-18", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "api", "title": "OpenAI API waitlist removed", "summary": "OpenAI made its API available to developers in supported countries without a waitlist.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/api-no-waitlist/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" }, { "date": "2022-01-27", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "model", "title": "InstructGPT becomes API default", "summary": "OpenAI made instruction-following models trained with human feedback (RLHF) the default in its API.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/instruction-following/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-3" }, { "date": "2022-04-04", "date_label": "", "lab": "google", "type": "model", "title": "PaLM announced", "summary": "Google described PaLM, a 540-billion-parameter language model trained with its Pathways system.", "primary_source": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.02311", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PaLM" }, { "date": "2022-04-06", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "model", "title": "DALL-E 2 announced", "summary": "OpenAI introduced DALL-E 2, producing more realistic, higher-resolution images and image edits from text.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/dall-e-2/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DALL-E" }, { "date": "2022-05-23", "date_label": "", "lab": "google", "type": "paper", "title": "Imagen text-to-image research", "summary": "Google Research presented Imagen, a text-to-image diffusion model, without public release.", "primary_source": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.11487", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagen_(text-to-image_model)" }, { "date": "2022-07-12", "date_label": "", "lab": "midjourney", "type": "product", "title": "Midjourney open beta", "summary": "Midjourney opened its Discord-based image generator to the public.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midjourney" }, { "date": "2022-07-20", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "product", "title": "DALL-E 2 enters beta", "summary": "OpenAI began inviting a million waitlisted users to DALL-E 2 with a credit-based pricing model.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/dall-e-now-available-in-beta/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DALL-E" }, { "date": "2022-08-22", "date_label": "", "lab": "stability", "type": "model", "title": "Stable Diffusion public release", "summary": "Stability AI and partners released Stable Diffusion with open weights.", "primary_source": "https://stability.ai/news/stable-diffusion-public-release", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stable_Diffusion" }, { "date": "2022-09-16", "date_label": "", "lab": "character-ai", "type": "product", "title": "Character.AI public beta", "summary": "Character.AI opened a public beta for chatting with user-created characters.", "primary_source": "https://beta.character.ai/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character.ai" }, { "date": "2022-09-21", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "model", "title": "Whisper speech recognition open-sourced", "summary": "OpenAI released Whisper, an open-source multilingual speech recognition model.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/whisper/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisper_(speech_recognition_system)" }, { "date": "2022-09-28", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "product", "title": "DALL-E 2 waitlist removed", "summary": "OpenAI opened DALL-E 2 to everyone without a waitlist.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/dall-e-now-available-without-waitlist/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DALL-E" }, { "date": "2022-11-05", "date_label": "", "lab": "midjourney", "type": "model", "title": "Midjourney V4 alpha", "summary": "Midjourney released its V4 model in alpha.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midjourney" }, { "date": "2022-11-30", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "product", "title": "ChatGPT launched as a research preview", "summary": "OpenAI released ChatGPT, a free conversational interface built on a GPT-3.5 model fine-tuned for dialogue.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/chatgpt/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" }, { "date": "2022-12-15", "date_label": "", "lab": "anthropic", "type": "paper", "title": "Constitutional AI paper", "summary": "Anthropic described training a harmless assistant using a written set of principles and AI feedback.", "primary_source": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.08073", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_(language_model)" }, { "date": "2023-01-23", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "event", "title": "Microsoft extends OpenAI partnership", "summary": "Microsoft announced a multiyear, multibillion-dollar extension of its investment in OpenAI.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/openai-and-microsoft-extend-partnership/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" }, { "date": "2023-02-01", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "product", "title": "ChatGPT Plus subscription", "summary": "OpenAI introduced a $20 monthly plan with priority access and faster responses.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/chatgpt-plus/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" }, { "date": "2023-02-03", "date_label": "", "lab": "quora", "type": "product", "title": "Poe opens to the public", "summary": "Quora opened Poe, an app for chatting with several AI bots, to everyone on iOS.", "primary_source": "https://apps.apple.com/us/app/poe-fast-helpful-ai-chat/id1640745955", "secondary_source": "https://techcrunch.com/2023/02/06/quora-opens-its-new-ai-chatbot-app-poe-to-the-general-public/" }, { "date": "2023-02-06", "date_label": "", "lab": "google", "type": "product", "title": "Bard announced", "summary": "Google announced Bard, an experimental conversational AI service based on LaMDA, for trusted testers.", "primary_source": "https://blog.google/technology/ai/bard-google-ai-search-updates/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_(chatbot)" }, { "date": "2023-02-07", "date_label": "", "lab": "microsoft", "type": "product", "title": "New Bing with chat", "summary": "Microsoft unveiled an AI-powered Bing and Edge with a chat assistant built on an OpenAI model.", "primary_source": "https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2023/02/07/reinventing-search-with-a-new-ai-powered-microsoft-bing-and-edge-your-copilot-for-the-web/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Copilot" }, { "date": "2023-02-24", "date_label": "", "lab": "meta", "type": "model", "title": "LLaMA released to researchers", "summary": "Meta released LLaMA, a family of 7B to 65B models, under a research-only licence; the weights soon leaked.", "primary_source": "https://ai.meta.com/blog/large-language-model-llama-meta-ai/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llama_(language_model)" }, { "date": "2023-03-01", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "api", "title": "ChatGPT (gpt-3.5-turbo) and Whisper APIs", "summary": "OpenAI opened the gpt-3.5-turbo chat model and Whisper to developers at much lower prices than earlier models.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/introducing-chatgpt-and-whisper-apis/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" }, { "date": "2023-03-10", "date_label": "", "lab": "community", "type": "product", "title": "llama.cpp released", "summary": "Georgi Gerganov released llama.cpp, letting LLaMA models run on ordinary laptops in C/C++.", "primary_source": "https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llama.cpp" }, { "date": "2023-03-14", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "model", "title": "GPT-4 released", "summary": "OpenAI announced GPT-4, a large multimodal model, available in ChatGPT Plus and via an API waitlist.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/gpt-4-research/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-4" }, { "date": "2023-03-14", "date_label": "", "lab": "anthropic", "type": "model", "title": "Claude launched", "summary": "Anthropic released Claude and Claude Instant to businesses through its API and partners.", "primary_source": "https://www.anthropic.com/news/introducing-claude", "secondary_source": "https://www.theverge.com/2023/3/14/23640056/anthropic-ai-chatbot-claude-google-launch" }, { "date": "2023-03-15", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "paper", "title": "GPT-4 Technical Report on arXiv", "summary": "OpenAI posted the GPT-4 technical report, giving benchmark results but few architecture details.", "primary_source": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.08774", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-4" }, { "date": "2023-03-15", "date_label": "", "lab": "midjourney", "type": "model", "title": "Midjourney V5", "summary": "Midjourney released V5 in alpha with more photorealistic output.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midjourney" }, { "date": "2023-03-16", "date_label": "", "lab": "microsoft", "type": "product", "title": "Microsoft 365 Copilot announced", "summary": "Microsoft announced Copilot for Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Outlook and Teams.", "primary_source": "https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2023/03/16/introducing-microsoft-365-copilot-your-copilot-for-work/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Copilot" }, { "date": "2023-03-21", "date_label": "", "lab": "google", "type": "product", "title": "Bard opens to US and UK users", "summary": "Google began giving users in the US and UK access to Bard through a waitlist.", "primary_source": "https://blog.google/technology/ai/try-bard/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_(chatbot)" }, { "date": "2023-03-23", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "feature", "title": "ChatGPT plugins announced", "summary": "OpenAI introduced plugins, including web browsing and a code interpreter, to a limited set of users.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/chatgpt-plugins/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" }, { "date": "2023-03-30", "date_label": "", "lab": "community", "type": "product", "title": "AutoGPT released", "summary": "Toran Bruce Richards released AutoGPT, an open-source agent that chains GPT-4 calls toward goals.", "primary_source": "https://github.com/Significant-Gravitas/AutoGPT", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AutoGPT" }, { "date": "2023-04-11", "date_label": "", "lab": "alibaba", "type": "product", "title": "Alibaba unveils Tongyi Qianwen", "summary": "Alibaba Cloud announced its Tongyi Qianwen (Qwen) chatbot model for business testing.", "primary_source": "https://www.aap.com.au/aapreleases/cision20230410ae66473", "secondary_source": "https://www.reuters.com/technology/alibaba-unveils-tongyi-qianwen-an-ai-model-similar-gpt-2023-04-11/" }, { "date": "2023-04-25", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "feature", "title": "Option to turn off chat history", "summary": "ChatGPT users gained a setting to stop conversations being used for training and kept in history.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/new-ways-to-manage-your-data-in-chatgpt/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" }, { "date": "2023-05-10", "date_label": "", "lab": "google", "type": "model", "title": "PaLM 2 at Google I/O", "summary": "Google announced PaLM 2, powering Bard and many Google products, and opened Bard without a waitlist.", "primary_source": "https://blog.google/technology/ai/google-palm-2-ai-large-language-model/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PaLM" }, { "date": "2023-05-11", "date_label": "", "lab": "anthropic", "type": "feature", "title": "100K context window", "summary": "Anthropic expanded Claude's context window to 100,000 tokens.", "primary_source": "https://www.anthropic.com/news/100k-context-windows", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_(language_model)" }, { "date": "2023-05-12", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "feature", "title": "Web browsing and plugins beta for Plus", "summary": "OpenAI began rolling out web browsing and plugins to all ChatGPT Plus subscribers as beta features.", "primary_source": "https://help.openai.com/en/articles/6825453-chatgpt-release-notes", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" }, { "date": "2023-05-18", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "product", "title": "ChatGPT iOS app", "summary": "OpenAI released an official ChatGPT app for iPhone in the US.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/introducing-the-chatgpt-app-for-ios/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" }, { "date": "2023-06-13", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "api", "title": "Function calling in the API", "summary": "OpenAI added function calling and new GPT-4 and GPT-3.5-turbo versions with lower prices.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/function-calling-and-other-api-updates/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" }, { "date": "2023-07-06", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "api", "title": "GPT-4 API generally available; Code Interpreter rolls out", "summary": "OpenAI opened GPT-4 to all paying API users and began rolling out Code Interpreter to ChatGPT Plus.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/gpt-4-api-general-availability/", "secondary_source": "https://help.openai.com/en/articles/6825453-chatgpt-release-notes" }, { "date": "2023-07-08", "date_label": "", "lab": "community", "type": "product", "title": "Ollama first release", "summary": "Ollama released a tool for downloading and running open models locally.", "primary_source": "https://github.com/ollama/ollama", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ollama" }, { "date": "2023-07-11", "date_label": "", "lab": "anthropic", "type": "model", "title": "Claude 2 and claude.ai", "summary": "Anthropic released Claude 2 and opened the claude.ai chat site to the public in the US and UK.", "primary_source": "https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-2", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_(language_model)" }, { "date": "2023-07-18", "date_label": "", "lab": "meta", "type": "model", "title": "Llama 2", "summary": "Meta released Llama 2 with a licence allowing commercial use, in partnership with Microsoft.", "primary_source": "https://about.fb.com/news/2023/07/llama-2/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llama_(language_model)" }, { "date": "2023-07-20", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "feature", "title": "Custom instructions in ChatGPT", "summary": "ChatGPT gained custom instructions so users can set preferences that apply to every conversation.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/custom-instructions-for-chatgpt/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" }, { "date": "2023-08-03", "date_label": "", "lab": "alibaba", "type": "model", "title": "Qwen-7B open weights", "summary": "Alibaba released Qwen-7B as open weights.", "primary_source": "https://github.com/QwenLM/Qwen-7B", "secondary_source": "https://www.reuters.com/technology/alibaba-unveils-open-sourced-ai-model-similar-metas-llama-2-2023-08-03/" }, { "date": "2023-08-22", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "api", "title": "Fine-tuning for GPT-3.5 Turbo", "summary": "Developers could fine-tune GPT-3.5 Turbo on their own data.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/gpt-3-5-turbo-fine-tuning-and-api-updates/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" }, { "date": "2023-08-24", "date_label": "", "lab": "meta", "type": "model", "title": "Code Llama", "summary": "Meta released Code Llama, Llama 2 models specialized for programming.", "primary_source": "https://ai.meta.com/blog/code-llama-large-language-model-coding/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llama_(language_model)" }, { "date": "2023-08-28", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "product", "title": "ChatGPT Enterprise", "summary": "OpenAI launched a business plan with enterprise security, unlimited GPT-4 and admin tools.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/introducing-chatgpt-enterprise/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" }, { "date": "2023-09-20", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "model", "title": "DALL-E 3 announced", "summary": "OpenAI announced DALL-E 3, built to follow prompts closely and to be used through ChatGPT.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/dall-e-3/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DALL-E" }, { "date": "2023-09-25", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "feature", "title": "ChatGPT can see, hear and speak", "summary": "OpenAI announced voice conversations and image input (GPT-4V) for ChatGPT Plus and Enterprise.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/chatgpt-can-now-see-hear-and-speak/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-4" }, { "date": "2023-09-27", "date_label": "", "lab": "mistral", "type": "model", "title": "Mistral 7B", "summary": "Mistral AI released its first model, Mistral 7B, under Apache 2.0.", "primary_source": "https://mistral.ai/news/announcing-mistral-7b/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistral_AI" }, { "date": "2023-11-04", "date_label": "", "lab": "xai", "type": "model", "title": "Grok announced", "summary": "xAI unveiled Grok, a chatbot for X Premium+ subscribers.", "primary_source": "https://x.ai/news/grok", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grok_(chatbot)" }, { "date": "2023-11-06", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "api", "title": "Assistants API beta", "summary": "OpenAI released a beta API for building assistants with threads, retrieval and code interpreter tools.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/new-models-and-developer-products-announced-at-devday/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" }, { "date": "2023-11-06", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "event", "title": "OpenAI DevDay 2023", "summary": "At its first developer conference OpenAI announced GPT-4 Turbo with 128K context, the Assistants API, GPTs and lower prices.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/new-models-and-developer-products-announced-at-devday/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" }, { "date": "2023-11-06", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "model", "title": "GPT-4 Turbo preview", "summary": "OpenAI previewed GPT-4 Turbo with a 128,000-token context window and cheaper pricing.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/new-models-and-developer-products-announced-at-devday/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-4" }, { "date": "2023-11-06", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "feature", "title": "GPTs: custom versions of ChatGPT", "summary": "OpenAI let users build custom ChatGPT versions with instructions, knowledge files and actions, without code.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/introducing-gpts/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT_Store" }, { "date": "2023-11-17", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "event", "title": "Board removes Sam Altman as CEO", "summary": "OpenAI's board announced Sam Altman's departure as CEO; he returned days later after staff and investor pressure.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/openai-announces-leadership-transition/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Removal_of_Sam_Altman_from_OpenAI" }, { "date": "2023-11-21", "date_label": "", "lab": "anthropic", "type": "model", "title": "Claude 2.1", "summary": "Anthropic released Claude 2.1 with a 200,000-token context window and beta tool use.", "primary_source": "https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-2-1", "secondary_source": "https://www.theverge.com/2023/11/21/23971070/anthropic-claude-2-1-openai-ai-chatbot-update-beta-tools" }, { "date": "2023-11-22", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "event", "title": "Sam Altman agreed to return as CEO", "summary": "OpenAI reached an agreement for Altman to return as CEO with a new initial board.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/sam-altman-returns-as-ceo-openai-has-a-new-initial-board/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Removal_of_Sam_Altman_from_OpenAI" }, { "date": "2023-12-06", "date_label": "", "lab": "google", "type": "model", "title": "Gemini 1.0 announced", "summary": "Google DeepMind introduced Gemini in Ultra, Pro and Nano sizes; Pro began powering Bard the same day.", "primary_source": "https://blog.google/technology/ai/google-gemini-ai/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_(language_model)" }, { "date": "2023-12-11", "date_label": "", "lab": "mistral", "type": "model", "title": "Mixtral 8x7B", "summary": "Mistral released Mixtral 8x7B, an open sparse mixture-of-experts model, after posting the weights by torrent.", "primary_source": "https://mistral.ai/news/mixtral-of-experts/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistral_AI" }, { "date": "2023-12-21", "date_label": "", "lab": "midjourney", "type": "model", "title": "Midjourney V6", "summary": "Midjourney released V6 in alpha with better prompt following and text.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midjourney" }, { "date": "2024-01-10", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "product", "title": "GPT Store and ChatGPT Team", "summary": "OpenAI opened the GPT Store for sharing custom GPTs and launched the ChatGPT Team plan for small groups.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/introducing-the-gpt-store/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT_Store" }, { "date": "2024-02-08", "date_label": "", "lab": "google", "type": "product", "title": "Bard renamed Gemini; Gemini Advanced", "summary": "Google rebranded Bard as Gemini and launched Gemini Advanced with Ultra 1.0 in a paid plan.", "primary_source": "https://blog.google/products/gemini/bard-gemini-advanced-app/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_(chatbot)" }, { "date": "2024-02-13", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "feature", "title": "ChatGPT memory testing begins", "summary": "OpenAI started testing memory, letting ChatGPT remember details across conversations, with user controls.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/memory-and-new-controls-for-chatgpt/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" }, { "date": "2024-02-15", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "model", "title": "Sora text-to-video preview", "summary": "OpenAI previewed Sora, a model that makes up to minute-long videos from text, to red teamers and selected artists.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/sora/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sora_(text-to-video_model)" }, { "date": "2024-02-15", "date_label": "", "lab": "google", "type": "model", "title": "Gemini 1.5 Pro", "summary": "Google announced Gemini 1.5 Pro with a context window of up to one million tokens.", "primary_source": "https://blog.google/technology/ai/google-gemini-next-generation-model-february-2024/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_(language_model)" }, { "date": "2024-02-21", "date_label": "", "lab": "google", "type": "model", "title": "Gemma open models", "summary": "Google released Gemma, lightweight open-weight models built from Gemini research.", "primary_source": "https://blog.google/technology/developers/gemma-open-models/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemma_(language_model)" }, { "date": "2024-02-26", "date_label": "", "lab": "mistral", "type": "model", "title": "Mistral Large and Le Chat", "summary": "Mistral launched Mistral Large and its Le Chat assistant, plus a Microsoft partnership.", "primary_source": "https://mistral.ai/news/mistral-large/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistral_AI" }, { "date": "2024-03-04", "date_label": "", "lab": "anthropic", "type": "model", "title": "Claude 3 family", "summary": "Anthropic released Claude 3 Opus, Sonnet and Haiku, adding image input.", "primary_source": "https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-3-family", "secondary_source": "https://www.reuters.com/technology/anthropic-releases-more-powerful-claude-3-ai-tech-race-continues-2024-03-04/" }, { "date": "2024-03-17", "date_label": "", "lab": "xai", "type": "model", "title": "Grok-1 weights released", "summary": "xAI released the 314B-parameter Grok-1 base model weights under Apache 2.0.", "primary_source": "https://github.com/xai-org/grok-1", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grok_(chatbot)" }, { "date": "2024-04-01", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "product", "title": "ChatGPT without an account", "summary": "OpenAI began letting people use ChatGPT without signing up.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/start-using-chatgpt-instantly/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" }, { "date": "2024-04-18", "date_label": "", "lab": "meta", "type": "model", "title": "Llama 3 and Meta AI assistant", "summary": "Meta released Llama 3 in 8B and 70B sizes and upgraded its Meta AI assistant.", "primary_source": "https://ai.meta.com/blog/meta-llama-3/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llama_(language_model)" }, { "date": "2024-05-08", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "policy", "title": "Model Spec first published", "summary": "OpenAI published a draft Model Spec describing how its models should behave and resolve conflicts.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/introducing-the-model-spec/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" }, { "date": "2024-05-13", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "model", "title": "GPT-4o released", "summary": "OpenAI introduced GPT-4o, a natively multimodal model handling text, audio and images, and made it available to free users.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/hello-gpt-4o/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-4o" }, { "date": "2024-05-14", "date_label": "", "lab": "google", "type": "event", "title": "Google I/O 2024: Veo, Imagen 3, AI Overviews", "summary": "Google announced the Veo video model, Imagen 3, Gemini 1.5 Flash and AI Overviews in US Search.", "primary_source": "https://blog.google/technology/ai/google-io-2024-100-announcements/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veo_(text-to-video_model)" }, { "date": "2024-05-20", "date_label": "", "lab": "microsoft", "type": "product", "title": "Copilot+ PCs", "summary": "Microsoft announced Copilot+ PCs with on-device AI hardware.", "primary_source": "https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2024/05/20/introducing-copilot-pcs/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Copilot" }, { "date": "2024-06-10", "date_label": "", "lab": "apple", "type": "product", "title": "Apple Intelligence announced", "summary": "At WWDC Apple announced Apple Intelligence, on-device and private-cloud AI features, plus optional ChatGPT integration.", "primary_source": "https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2024/06/introducing-apple-intelligence-for-iphone-ipad-and-mac/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Intelligence" }, { "date": "2024-06-20", "date_label": "", "lab": "anthropic", "type": "model", "title": "Claude 3.5 Sonnet and Artifacts", "summary": "Anthropic released Claude 3.5 Sonnet and Artifacts, a side panel for generated code and documents.", "primary_source": "https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-3-5-sonnet", "secondary_source": "https://www.theverge.com/2024/6/20/24181961/anthropic-claude-35-sonnet-model-ai-launch" }, { "date": "2024-07-18", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "model", "title": "GPT-4o mini", "summary": "OpenAI released GPT-4o mini, a small low-cost model that replaced GPT-3.5 Turbo in ChatGPT.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/gpt-4o-mini-advancing-cost-efficient-intelligence/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-4o" }, { "date": "2024-07-23", "date_label": "", "lab": "meta", "type": "model", "title": "Llama 3.1 405B", "summary": "Meta released Llama 3.1, including a 405-billion-parameter open-weight model.", "primary_source": "https://ai.meta.com/blog/meta-llama-3-1/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llama_(language_model)" }, { "date": "2024-07-25", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "product", "title": "SearchGPT prototype", "summary": "OpenAI tested SearchGPT, a search prototype with sourced answers, with a small group of users.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/searchgpt-prototype/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT_Search" }, { "date": "2024-07-30", "date_label": "", "lab": "midjourney", "type": "model", "title": "Midjourney V6.1", "summary": "Midjourney released V6.1, available on Discord and on its website.", "primary_source": "https://updates.midjourney.com/version-6-1/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midjourney" }, { "date": "2024-08-06", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "api", "title": "Structured Outputs in the API", "summary": "OpenAI added Structured Outputs so model responses reliably match a developer-supplied JSON schema.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/introducing-structured-outputs-in-the-api/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" }, { "date": "2024-09-12", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "model", "title": "OpenAI o1-preview and o1-mini", "summary": "OpenAI released o1-preview and o1-mini, reasoning models that think before answering.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/introducing-openai-o1-preview/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI_o1" }, { "date": "2024-09-25", "date_label": "", "lab": "meta", "type": "model", "title": "Llama 3.2 vision and edge models", "summary": "Meta released Llama 3.2 with vision models and small models for phones.", "primary_source": "https://ai.meta.com/blog/llama-3-2-connect-2024-vision-edge-mobile-devices/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llama_(language_model)" }, { "date": "2024-10-01", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "api", "title": "DevDay 2024: Realtime API", "summary": "OpenAI announced the Realtime API for speech-to-speech apps, plus prompt caching, vision fine-tuning and model distillation.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/introducing-the-realtime-api/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" }, { "date": "2024-10-03", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "feature", "title": "Canvas in ChatGPT", "summary": "OpenAI introduced canvas, a side-by-side workspace for writing and coding with ChatGPT.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/introducing-canvas/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" }, { "date": "2024-10-22", "date_label": "", "lab": "anthropic", "type": "feature", "title": "Computer use beta, new 3.5 Sonnet and 3.5 Haiku", "summary": "Anthropic let Claude control a computer through screenshots, mouse and keyboard in public beta, alongside upgraded models.", "primary_source": "https://www.anthropic.com/news/3-5-models-and-computer-use", "secondary_source": "https://www.theverge.com/2024/10/22/24276822/anthopic-claude-3-5-sonnet-computer-use-ai" }, { "date": "2024-10-28", "date_label": "", "lab": "apple", "type": "product", "title": "First Apple Intelligence features ship", "summary": "Apple released iOS 18.1 with the first Apple Intelligence features in US English.", "primary_source": "https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2024/10/apple-intelligence-is-available-today-on-iphone-ipad-and-mac/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Intelligence" }, { "date": "2024-10-31", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "feature", "title": "ChatGPT search", "summary": "OpenAI built web search with source links into ChatGPT, starting with paid users.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/introducing-chatgpt-search/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT_Search" }, { "date": "2024-11-25", "date_label": "", "lab": "anthropic", "type": "api", "title": "Model Context Protocol (MCP)", "summary": "Anthropic open-sourced MCP, a standard for connecting AI assistants to data sources and tools.", "primary_source": "https://www.anthropic.com/news/model-context-protocol", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_Context_Protocol" }, { "date": "2024-12-05", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "product", "title": "Full o1 and ChatGPT Pro", "summary": "OpenAI released the full o1 model and a $200 monthly Pro plan with o1 pro mode.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/introducing-chatgpt-pro/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI_o1" }, { "date": "2024-12-09", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "product", "title": "Sora released to the public", "summary": "OpenAI launched Sora Turbo video generation for ChatGPT Plus and Pro users at sora.com.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/sora-is-here/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sora_(text-to-video_model)" }, { "date": "2024-12-11", "date_label": "", "lab": "google", "type": "model", "title": "Gemini 2.0 Flash experimental", "summary": "Google introduced Gemini 2.0, starting with an experimental Flash model aimed at agentic uses.", "primary_source": "https://blog.google/technology/google-deepmind/google-gemini-ai-update-december-2024/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_(language_model)" }, { "date": "2024-12-17", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "api", "title": "o1 in the API", "summary": "OpenAI brought o1 to the API with function calling and structured outputs, and updated the Realtime API.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/o1-and-new-tools-for-developers/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI_o1" }, { "date": "2024-12-20", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "model", "title": "o3 and o3-mini previewed", "summary": "On the last day of its '12 days' event OpenAI previewed o3 and o3-mini for safety testing, not public release.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/early-access-for-safety-testing/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI_o3" }, { "date": "2024-12-26", "date_label": "", "lab": "deepseek", "type": "model", "title": "DeepSeek-V3", "summary": "DeepSeek released V3, a 671B mixture-of-experts open model reportedly trained at low cost.", "primary_source": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.19437", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeepSeek" }, { "date": "2025-01-20", "date_label": "", "lab": "deepseek", "type": "model", "title": "DeepSeek-R1", "summary": "DeepSeek released R1, an open-weight reasoning model rivaling o1, under the MIT licence.", "primary_source": "https://api-docs.deepseek.com/news/news250120", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeepSeek" }, { "date": "2025-01-21", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "event", "title": "Stargate Project announced", "summary": "OpenAI, SoftBank, Oracle and MGX announced a joint venture to build AI data centers in the US.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/announcing-the-stargate-project/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_LLC" }, { "date": "2025-01-23", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "product", "title": "Operator research preview", "summary": "OpenAI released Operator, an agent that uses its own browser to complete web tasks, for US Pro users.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/introducing-operator/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" }, { "date": "2025-01-27", "date_label": "", "lab": "deepseek", "type": "event", "title": "DeepSeek app tops charts; Nvidia shares fall", "summary": "DeepSeek's app reached the top of the US App Store and AI chip stocks dropped sharply.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeepSeek" }, { "date": "2025-01-29", "date_label": "", "lab": "alibaba", "type": "model", "title": "Qwen2.5-Max", "summary": "Alibaba released Qwen2.5-Max, a large mixture-of-experts model.", "primary_source": "https://qwenlm.github.io/blog/qwen2.5-max/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qwen" }, { "date": "2025-01-31", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "model", "title": "OpenAI o3-mini", "summary": "OpenAI released o3-mini, a low-cost reasoning model in ChatGPT (including free users) and the API.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/openai-o3-mini/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI_o3" }, { "date": "2025-02-02", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "product", "title": "Deep research in ChatGPT", "summary": "OpenAI launched deep research, an agent powered by a version of o3 that compiles cited reports from many web sources, for Pro users first.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/introducing-deep-research/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" }, { "date": "2025-02-17", "date_label": "", "lab": "xai", "type": "model", "title": "Grok 3", "summary": "xAI released Grok 3 with a Think reasoning mode.", "primary_source": "https://x.ai/news/grok-3", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grok_(chatbot)" }, { "date": "2025-02-24", "date_label": "", "lab": "anthropic", "type": "model", "title": "Claude 3.7 Sonnet and Claude Code preview", "summary": "Anthropic released Claude 3.7 Sonnet with optional extended thinking and previewed Claude Code, a terminal coding agent.", "primary_source": "https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-3-7-sonnet", "secondary_source": "https://techcrunch.com/2025/02/24/anthropic-launches-a-new-ai-model-that-thinks-as-long-as-you-want/" }, { "date": "2025-02-27", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "model", "title": "GPT-4.5 research preview", "summary": "OpenAI released GPT-4.5, its largest non-reasoning chat model, to Pro users and developers.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/introducing-gpt-4-5/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-4.5" }, { "date": "2025-03-11", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "api", "title": "Responses API and Agents SDK", "summary": "OpenAI launched the Responses API, built-in web search, file search and computer use tools, and the open-source Agents SDK.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/new-tools-for-building-agents/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" }, { "date": "2025-03-25", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "feature", "title": "Native image generation in GPT-4o", "summary": "ChatGPT replaced DALL-E with GPT-4o's built-in image generation, which handles text in images and edits well.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/introducing-4o-image-generation/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-4o" }, { "date": "2025-03-25", "date_label": "", "lab": "google", "type": "model", "title": "Gemini 2.5 Pro", "summary": "Google released Gemini 2.5 Pro, a thinking model that topped several leaderboards.", "primary_source": "https://blog.google/technology/google-deepmind/gemini-model-thinking-updates-march-2025/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_(language_model)" }, { "date": "2025-04-04", "date_label": "", "lab": "midjourney", "type": "model", "title": "Midjourney V7", "summary": "Midjourney released V7 in alpha.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midjourney" }, { "date": "2025-04-05", "date_label": "", "lab": "meta", "type": "model", "title": "Llama 4 Scout and Maverick", "summary": "Meta released Llama 4 Scout and Maverick, mixture-of-experts multimodal models, and previewed Behemoth.", "primary_source": "https://ai.meta.com/blog/llama-4-multimodal-intelligence/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llama_(language_model)" }, { "date": "2025-04-14", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "model", "title": "GPT-4.1, 4.1 mini and 4.1 nano in the API", "summary": "OpenAI released three API models with up to one million tokens of context and better coding and instruction following.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/gpt-4-1/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-4.1" }, { "date": "2025-04-14", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "guide", "title": "GPT-4.1 prompting guide", "summary": "OpenAI published a cookbook guide explaining how to prompt GPT-4.1, which follows instructions more literally.", "primary_source": "https://cookbook.openai.com/examples/gpt4-1_prompting_guide", "secondary_source": "https://openai.com/index/gpt-4-1/" }, { "date": "2025-04-16", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "product", "title": "Codex CLI", "summary": "OpenAI released Codex CLI, an open-source coding agent that runs in the terminal.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/introducing-o3-and-o4-mini/", "secondary_source": "https://community.openai.com/t/this-weeks-launches-o3-o4-mini-gpt-4-1-and-codex-cli/1230312" }, { "date": "2025-04-16", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "model", "title": "OpenAI o3 and o4-mini", "summary": "OpenAI released o3 and o4-mini, reasoning models that can use all ChatGPT tools and reason with images.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/introducing-o3-and-o4-mini/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI_o3" }, { "date": "2025-04-28", "date_label": "", "lab": "alibaba", "type": "model", "title": "Qwen3", "summary": "Alibaba released the Qwen3 family of open-weight models with hybrid thinking.", "primary_source": "https://qwen.ai/blog?id=qwen3", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qwen" }, { "date": "2025-04-29", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "event", "title": "GPT-4o update rolled back for sycophancy", "summary": "OpenAI reverted a GPT-4o update that made ChatGPT overly flattering and explained what went wrong.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/sycophancy-in-gpt-4o/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-4o" }, { "date": "2025-05-07", "date_label": "", "lab": "mistral", "type": "model", "title": "Mistral Medium 3", "summary": "Mistral released Mistral Medium 3, a mid-size model aimed at enterprises.", "primary_source": "https://mistral.ai/news/mistral-medium-3/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistral_AI" }, { "date": "2025-05-16", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "product", "title": "Codex cloud coding agent", "summary": "OpenAI previewed Codex, a cloud software engineering agent powered by codex-1, a version of o3, for Pro, Team and Enterprise users.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/introducing-codex/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI_Codex" }, { "date": "2025-05-22", "date_label": "", "lab": "anthropic", "type": "model", "title": "Claude Opus 4 and Sonnet 4", "summary": "Anthropic released Claude Opus 4 and Sonnet 4 and made Claude Code generally available.", "primary_source": "https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-4", "secondary_source": "https://www.cnbc.com/2025/05/22/claude-4-opus-sonnet-anthropic.html" }, { "date": "2025-06-10", "date_label": "", "lab": "mistral", "type": "model", "title": "Magistral reasoning models", "summary": "Mistral released Magistral, its first reasoning models.", "primary_source": "https://mistral.ai/news/magistral", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistral_AI" }, { "date": "2025-06-18", "date_label": "", "lab": "midjourney", "type": "model", "title": "Midjourney V1 video model", "summary": "Midjourney released its first video model, animating images into short clips.", "primary_source": "https://updates.midjourney.com/introducing-our-v1-video-model/", "secondary_source": "https://techcrunch.com/2025/06/18/midjourney-launches-its-first-ai-video-generation-model-v1/" }, { "date": "2025-07-09", "date_label": "", "lab": "xai", "type": "model", "title": "Grok 4 and Grok 4 Heavy", "summary": "xAI released Grok 4 and a multi-agent Grok 4 Heavy tier.", "primary_source": "https://x.ai/news/grok-4", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grok_(chatbot)" }, { "date": "2025-07-17", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "product", "title": "ChatGPT agent", "summary": "OpenAI merged Operator and deep research into ChatGPT agent, which uses its own virtual computer to complete tasks.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/introducing-chatgpt-agent/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" }, { "date": "2025-08-05", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "model", "title": "gpt-oss open-weight models", "summary": "OpenAI released gpt-oss-120b and gpt-oss-20b, its first open-weight language models since GPT-2, under Apache 2.0.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/introducing-gpt-oss/", "secondary_source": "https://lifearchitect.substack.com/p/the-memo-special-edition-openai-gpt" }, { "date": "2025-08-05", "date_label": "", "lab": "anthropic", "type": "model", "title": "Claude Opus 4.1", "summary": "Anthropic released Opus 4.1 with improved coding and agentic performance.", "primary_source": "https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-opus-4-1", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_(language_model)" }, { "date": "2025-08-07", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "model", "title": "GPT-5 released", "summary": "OpenAI launched GPT-5, a unified system that routes between fast and thinking models, to all ChatGPT users including free.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/introducing-gpt-5/", "secondary_source": "https://www.theverge.com/openai/748017/gpt-5-chatgpt-openai-release" }, { "date": "2025-08-21", "date_label": "", "lab": "deepseek", "type": "model", "title": "DeepSeek-V3.1", "summary": "DeepSeek released V3.1 with hybrid thinking and non-thinking modes.", "primary_source": "https://api-docs.deepseek.com/news/news250821", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeepSeek" }, { "date": "2025-08-26", "date_label": "", "lab": "google", "type": "model", "title": "Gemini 2.5 Flash Image (Nano Banana)", "summary": "Google released an image editing and generation model, nicknamed Nano Banana, in the Gemini app.", "primary_source": "https://blog.google/products/gemini/updated-image-editing-model/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_(language_model)" }, { "date": "2025-08-28", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "api", "title": "gpt-realtime and Realtime API GA", "summary": "OpenAI made the Realtime API generally available and released gpt-realtime, a speech-to-speech model with SIP calling and MCP support.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/introducing-gpt-realtime/", "secondary_source": "https://gigazine.net/news/20250829-openai-gpt-realtime/" }, { "date": "2025-09-15", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "model", "title": "GPT-5-Codex", "summary": "OpenAI released GPT-5-Codex, a GPT-5 version tuned for agentic coding, as the default for Codex cloud tasks and code review.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/introducing-upgrades-to-codex/", "secondary_source": "https://gigazine.net/gsc_news/en/20250916-openai-gpt-5-codex" }, { "date": "2025-09-29", "date_label": "", "lab": "anthropic", "type": "model", "title": "Claude Sonnet 4.5", "summary": "Anthropic released Sonnet 4.5, focused on coding and long-running agents, with the Claude Agent SDK.", "primary_source": "https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-sonnet-4-5", "secondary_source": "https://www.axios.com/2025/09/29/anthropic-claude-sonnet-coding-agent" }, { "date": "2025-09-30", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "model", "title": "Sora 2 and the Sora app", "summary": "OpenAI released Sora 2, a video model with synchronized audio, alongside an invite-only social iOS app with cameos.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/sora-2/", "secondary_source": "https://gigazine.net/gsc_news/en/20251001-openai-sora-for-ios" }, { "date": "2025-10-06", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "api", "title": "AgentKit and Agent Builder", "summary": "OpenAI released AgentKit, including the visual Agent Builder, a connector registry and ChatKit for embedding agents.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/introducing-agentkit/", "secondary_source": "https://openai.com/devday/2025/" }, { "date": "2025-10-06", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "api", "title": "Apps in ChatGPT and the Apps SDK", "summary": "OpenAI let third-party apps run inside ChatGPT conversations, built on the Model Context Protocol.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/introducing-apps-in-chatgpt/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" }, { "date": "2025-10-06", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "event", "title": "OpenAI DevDay 2025", "summary": "OpenAI announced apps inside ChatGPT with the Apps SDK, AgentKit, general availability of Codex, and Sora 2 and GPT-5 Pro in the API.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/devday/2025/", "secondary_source": "https://community.openai.com/t/devday-2025-apps-sdk-sora-2-gpt-5-pro-agentkit-new-image-generation-and-speech-to-speech-mini-models-and-more/1361279" }, { "date": "2025-10-15", "date_label": "", "lab": "anthropic", "type": "model", "title": "Claude Haiku 4.5", "summary": "Anthropic released Haiku 4.5, a small fast model.", "primary_source": "https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-haiku-4-5", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_(language_model)" }, { "date": "2025-10-21", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "product", "title": "ChatGPT Atlas browser", "summary": "OpenAI launched ChatGPT Atlas, a macOS web browser with ChatGPT built in and an agent mode for paid users.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/introducing-chatgpt-atlas/", "secondary_source": "https://gulfnews.com/technology/media/openai-launches-chatgptatlas-the-ai-powered-browser-that-thinks-with-you-1.500316403" }, { "date": "2025-11-12", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "model", "title": "GPT-5.1 Instant and Thinking", "summary": "OpenAI updated ChatGPT to GPT-5.1, aiming for warmer conversation, adaptive reasoning and new personality presets.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/gpt-5-1/", "secondary_source": "https://arstechnica.com/ai/2025/11/openai-walks-a-tricky-tightrope-with-gpt-5-1s-eight-new-personalities/" }, { "date": "2025-11-13", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "feature", "title": "Group chats pilot", "summary": "OpenAI piloted group chats where up to 20 people can share one ChatGPT conversation, starting in a few countries.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/group-chats-in-chatgpt/", "secondary_source": "https://help.openai.com/en/articles/6825453-chatgpt-release-notes" }, { "date": "2025-11-18", "date_label": "", "lab": "google", "type": "model", "title": "Gemini 3 Pro", "summary": "Google released Gemini 3 Pro in the Gemini app, Search and developer tools.", "primary_source": "https://storage.googleapis.com/deepmind-media/Model-Cards/Gemini-3-Pro-Model-Card.pdf", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_(language_model)" }, { "date": "2025-11-19", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "model", "title": "GPT-5.1-Codex-Max", "summary": "OpenAI released a coding model for long-running work that compacts its own context to keep going across sessions.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/gpt-5-1-codex-max/", "secondary_source": "https://venturebeat.com/ai/openai-debuts-gpt-5-1-codex-max-coding-model-and-it-already-completed-a-24" }, { "date": "2025-11-20", "date_label": "", "lab": "google", "type": "model", "title": "Nano Banana Pro (Gemini 3 Pro Image)", "summary": "Google released an image model built on Gemini 3 Pro with better text rendering.", "primary_source": "https://blog.google/technology/ai/nano-banana-pro/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_(language_model)" }, { "date": "2025-11-24", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "feature", "title": "Shopping research in ChatGPT", "summary": "ChatGPT gained a shopping research mode that builds buyer's guides using a model based on GPT-5 thinking mini.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/chatgpt-shopping-research/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-5" }, { "date": "2025-11-24", "date_label": "", "lab": "anthropic", "type": "model", "title": "Claude Opus 4.5", "summary": "Anthropic released Opus 4.5 with gains in coding and office work at lower prices.", "primary_source": "https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-opus-4-5", "secondary_source": "https://www.tomsguide.com/ai/claude-opus-4-5-is-here-anthropics-most-powerful-version-to-date" }, { "date": "2025-12-01", "date_label": "", "lab": "deepseek", "type": "model", "title": "DeepSeek-V3.2", "summary": "DeepSeek released V3.2 with sparse attention for cheaper long-context use.", "primary_source": "https://api-docs.deepseek.com/news/news251201", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeepSeek" }, { "date": "2025-12-02", "date_label": "", "lab": "mistral", "type": "model", "title": "Mistral 3 and Mistral Large 3", "summary": "Mistral released the Mistral 3 family, including Mistral Large 3 and small Ministral 3 models, under open licences.", "primary_source": "https://mistral.ai/news/mistral-3", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistral_AI" }, { "date": "2025-12-11", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "model", "title": "GPT-5.2", "summary": "OpenAI released GPT-5.2 in Instant, Thinking and Pro versions, focused on professional work and long tasks.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/introducing-gpt-5-2/", "secondary_source": "https://www.theverge.com/ai-artificial-intelligence/842529/openai-gpt-5-2-new-model-chatgpt" }, { "date": "2025-12-16", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "model", "title": "New ChatGPT Images (GPT Image 1.5)", "summary": "OpenAI rolled out a new image model to all ChatGPT users and the API, with more precise edits and faster generation.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/new-chatgpt-images-is-here/", "secondary_source": "https://community.openai.com/t/gpt-image-1-5-rolling-out-in-the-api-and-chatgpt/1369443" }, { "date": "2025-12-17", "date_label": "", "lab": "google", "type": "model", "title": "Gemini 3 Flash", "summary": "Google released Gemini 3 Flash, a faster lower-cost Gemini 3 model.", "primary_source": "https://blog.google/products/gemini/gemini-3-flash/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_(language_model)" }, { "date": "2025-12-18", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "model", "title": "GPT-5.2-Codex", "summary": "OpenAI released a GPT-5.2 version optimized for agentic coding in Codex, with API access added in January 2026.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/introducing-gpt-5-2-codex/", "secondary_source": "https://venturebeat.com/technology/enterprise-ai-coding-grows-teeth-gpt-5-2-codex-weaves-security-into-large" }, { "date": "2026-01-12", "date_label": "", "lab": "apple", "type": "event", "title": "Apple and Google Gemini partnership", "summary": "Apple and Google said the next Apple Foundation Models would be built on Gemini models and cloud technology.", "primary_source": "https://blog.google/company-news/inside-google/company-announcements/joint-statement-google-apple/", "secondary_source": "https://www.mactech.com/2026/01/12/apple-will-use-googles-gemini-for-its-ai-powered-siri" }, { "date": "2026-01-12", "date_label": "", "lab": "anthropic", "type": "product", "title": "Claude Cowork research preview", "summary": "Anthropic previewed Cowork, an agent in the Claude desktop app that works on local files for non-programmers, starting with Max subscribers.", "primary_source": "https://claude.com/blog/cowork-research-preview", "secondary_source": "https://www.wired.com/story/anthropic-claude-cowork-agent/" }, { "date": "2026-01-16", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "product", "title": "ChatGPT Go worldwide; ad tests announced", "summary": "OpenAI made the $8 ChatGPT Go plan available everywhere and said it would test labeled ads for US Free and Go users.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/introducing-chatgpt-go/", "secondary_source": "https://www.thurrott.com/cloud/331745/chatgpt-go-is-now-available-worldwide-but-free-and-go-users-will-soon-see-ads" }, { "date": "2026-01-29", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "retirement", "title": "Retirement of GPT-4o in ChatGPT announced", "summary": "OpenAI said GPT-4o, GPT-4.1, GPT-4.1 mini and o4-mini would leave ChatGPT on 13 February 2026, with the API unchanged.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/retiring-gpt-4o-and-older-models/", "secondary_source": "https://yourstory.com/ai-story/openai-retiring-gpt-4o-older-models-chatgpt" }, { "date": "2026-02-02", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "product", "title": "Codex app for macOS", "summary": "OpenAI released a desktop Codex app for managing several coding agents in parallel, with automations; Windows followed on 4 March.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/introducing-the-codex-app/", "secondary_source": "https://siliconangle.com/2026/02/02/openai-launches-codex-app-macos-speed-software-projects/" }, { "date": "2026-02-05", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "model", "title": "GPT-5.3-Codex", "summary": "OpenAI released GPT-5.3-Codex, a faster coding model pitched for broader computer work beyond code.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/introducing-gpt-5-3-codex/", "secondary_source": "https://www.zdnet.com/article/openai-gpt-5-3-codex-faster-goes-beyond-coding/" }, { "date": "2026-02-05", "date_label": "", "lab": "anthropic", "type": "model", "title": "Claude Opus 4.6", "summary": "Anthropic released Opus 4.6 with agent teams and Claude in PowerPoint.", "primary_source": "https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-opus-4-6", "secondary_source": "https://techcrunch.com/2026/02/05/anthropic-releases-opus-4-6-with-new-agent-teams/" }, { "date": "2026-02-13", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "retirement", "title": "GPT-4o retired from ChatGPT", "summary": "GPT-4o and several older models were removed from ChatGPT; business plans kept GPT-4o in custom GPTs until 3 April 2026.", "primary_source": "https://help.openai.com/en/articles/20001051-retiring-gpt-4o-and-other-chatgpt-models", "secondary_source": "https://letsdatascience.com/news/openai-retires-gpt-4o-from-chatgpt-5a9102f8" }, { "date": "2026-02-16", "date_label": "", "lab": "alibaba", "type": "model", "title": "Qwen3.5", "summary": "Alibaba released Qwen3.5.", "primary_source": "https://qwen.ai/blog?id=qwen3.5", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qwen" }, { "date": "2026-02-17", "date_label": "", "lab": "anthropic", "type": "model", "title": "Claude Sonnet 4.6", "summary": "Anthropic released Sonnet 4.6, a faster and cheaper model.", "primary_source": "https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-sonnet-4-6", "secondary_source": "https://www.axios.com/2026/02/17/anthropic-new-claude-sonnet-faster-cheaper" }, { "date": "2026-02-19", "date_label": "", "lab": "google", "type": "model", "title": "Gemini 3.1 Pro", "summary": "Google released Gemini 3.1 Pro.", "primary_source": "https://deepmind.google/models/model-cards/gemini-3-1-pro/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_(language_model)" }, { "date": "2026-03-03", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "model", "title": "GPT-5.3 Instant", "summary": "OpenAI made GPT-5.3 Instant the ChatGPT default, aiming for fewer needless refusals and better web answers.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/gpt-5-3-instant-system-card/", "secondary_source": "https://gigazine.net/gsc_news/en/20260304-gpt-5-3-instant" }, { "date": "2026-03-05", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "model", "title": "GPT-5.4 Thinking and Pro", "summary": "OpenAI released GPT-5.4 in Thinking and Pro versions for paid ChatGPT users and the API.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/introducing-gpt-5-4/", "secondary_source": "https://techcrunch.com/2026/03/05/openai-launches-gpt-5-4-with-pro-and-thinking-versions/" }, { "date": "2026-03-17", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "model", "title": "GPT-5.4 mini and nano", "summary": "OpenAI released GPT-5.4 mini, available to free users, and GPT-5.4 nano for the API only.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/introducing-gpt-5-4-mini-and-nano/", "secondary_source": "https://www.engadget.com/ai/gpt-54-mini-brings-some-of-the-smarts-of-openais-latest-model-to-chatgpt-free-and-go-users-170000585.html" }, { "date": "2026-03-24", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "retirement", "title": "OpenAI announces end of Sora app and API", "summary": "OpenAI said it would discontinue the Sora consumer app and API to free compute for other products.", "primary_source": "", "secondary_source": "https://engadget.com/ai/openai-is-shutting-down-its-sora-video-generation-app-211023358.html" }, { "date": "2026-04-07", "date_label": "", "lab": "anthropic", "type": "model", "title": "Claude Mythos Preview (Project Glasswing)", "summary": "Anthropic gave a limited Mythos Preview model to about a dozen organizations for defensive cybersecurity work.", "primary_source": "https://www.anthropic.com/glasswing", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_(language_model)" }, { "date": "2026-04-08", "date_label": "", "lab": "meta", "type": "model", "title": "Muse Spark", "summary": "Meta Superintelligence Labs released Muse Spark, its first model, to replace Llama in Meta's assistant.", "primary_source": "https://about.fb.com/news/2026/04/introducing-muse-spark-meta-superintelligence-labs/", "secondary_source": "https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2026/apr/09/meta-first-ai-model-muse-sparks" }, { "date": "2026-04-16", "date_label": "", "lab": "anthropic", "type": "model", "title": "Claude Opus 4.7", "summary": "Anthropic released Claude Opus 4.7.", "primary_source": "https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-opus-4-7", "secondary_source": "https://www.cnbc.com/2026/04/16/anthropic-claude-opus-4-7-model-mythos.html" }, { "date": "2026-04-17", "date_label": "", "lab": "anthropic", "type": "product", "title": "Claude Design preview", "summary": "Anthropic previewed Claude Design, which turns prompts into visual prototypes, for paid users.", "primary_source": "https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-design-anthropic-labs", "secondary_source": "https://venturebeat.com/technology/anthropic-just-launched-claude-design-an-ai-tool-that-turns-prompts-into-prototypes-and-challenges-figma" }, { "date": "2026-04-23", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "model", "title": "GPT-5.5 (codename Spud)", "summary": "OpenAI released GPT-5.5 Thinking and Pro, with API access the next day.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/introducing-gpt-5-5/", "secondary_source": "https://www.axios.com/2026/04/23/openai-releases-spud-gpt-model" }, { "date": "2026-05-05", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "model", "title": "GPT-5.5 Instant becomes default", "summary": "GPT-5.5 Instant replaced GPT-5.3 Instant as ChatGPT's default model.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/gpt-5-5-instant/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-5.5" }, { "date": "2026-05-07", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "model", "title": "GPT-5.5 with trusted access for cyber", "summary": "OpenAI announced a GPT-5.5 variant for vetted cybersecurity defenders.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/gpt-5-5-with-trusted-access-for-cyber/", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-5.5" }, { "date": "2026-05-19", "date_label": "", "lab": "google", "type": "model", "title": "Gemini 3.5 Flash", "summary": "Google launched Gemini 3.5 Flash, positioned around agents.", "primary_source": "https://blog.google/innovation-and-ai/models-and-research/gemini-models/gemini-3-5/", "secondary_source": "https://techcrunch.com/2026/05/19/with-gemini-3-5-flash-google-bets-its-next-ai-wave-on-agents-not-chatbots/" }, { "date": "2026-05-28", "date_label": "", "lab": "anthropic", "type": "model", "title": "Claude Opus 4.8", "summary": "Anthropic released Claude Opus 4.8.", "primary_source": "https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-opus-4-8", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_(language_model)" }, { "date": "2026-06-09", "date_label": "", "lab": "anthropic", "type": "model", "title": "Claude Fable 5 and Mythos 5", "summary": "Anthropic released Fable 5, a public Mythos-class model with safeguards, and a limited-access Mythos 5.", "primary_source": "https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-fable-5-mythos-5", "secondary_source": "https://fortune.com/2026/06/09/anthropic-releases-its-first-mythos-model-to-the-public/" }, { "date": "2026-06-26", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "model", "title": "GPT-5.6 limited preview", "summary": "OpenAI gave GPT-5.6 to a limited group and delayed public rollout after a US government request for early access.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/previewing-gpt-5-6-sol/", "secondary_source": "https://techcrunch.com/2026/06/26/openai-limits-gpt-5-6-rollout-after-government-request-says-restrictions-shouldnt-be-the-norm/" }, { "date": "2026-07-09", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "retirement", "title": "Atlas browser shutdown announced", "summary": "OpenAI said ChatGPT Atlas would close on 9 August 2026, with its features moving into the ChatGPT desktop app and a Chrome extension.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/chatgpt-for-your-most-ambitious-work/", "secondary_source": "https://www.techradar.com/pro/openai-shuts-down-its-atlas-browser-after-not-even-a-year" }, { "date": "2026-07-09", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "model", "title": "GPT-5.6 (Luna, Terra, Sol) and ChatGPT Work", "summary": "OpenAI publicly released the GPT-5.6 family in three tiers and launched ChatGPT Work, an agent combining ChatGPT and Codex for office tasks.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/gpt-5-6/", "secondary_source": "https://techcrunch.com/2026/07/09/openai-launches-its-new-family-of-models-with-gpt-5-6/" }, { "date": "2026-07-24", "date_label": "", "lab": "anthropic", "type": "model", "title": "Claude Opus 5", "summary": "Anthropic released Opus 5, close to Fable 5 capability at about half the price.", "primary_source": "https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-opus-5", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_(language_model)" }, { "date": "2026-09-03", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "model", "title": "GPT-6 Astra", "summary": "OpenAI unveiled GPT-6 Astra, a model strong at computer use, for approved testers, with a restricted version for paid ChatGPT users the next day.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/gpt-6-astra/", "secondary_source": "https://www.axios.com/2026/09/03/openai-astra-gpt-6-agi-brockman" }, { "date": "2026-09-28", "date_label": "", "lab": "anthropic", "type": "model", "title": "Claude Sonnet 5.5", "summary": "Anthropic released Sonnet 5.5, a faster lower-cost companion to Opus 5.5.", "primary_source": "https://www.anthropic.com/claude-sonnet-5-5", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_(language_model)" }, { "date": "2026-09-29", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "event", "title": "DevDay 2026 and GPT-6.1 Sol", "summary": "At DevDay in San Francisco OpenAI launched GPT-6.1 Sol, near Astra-level at a fifth of the price, and always-on agents called Dots; GPT-6.1 Astra was held back.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/introducing-gpt-6-1-sol/", "secondary_source": "https://techcrunch.com/2026/09/29/openai-launches-gpt-6-1-sol-says-it-nearly-matches-gpt-6-astra-and-costs-less/" }, { "date": "2026-10-07", "date_label": "", "lab": "openai", "type": "model", "title": "GPT-6 Instant and Intelligent UI for everyone", "summary": "OpenAI brought GPT-6 to all ChatGPT tiers with interactive 'Intelligent UI' answers, paid users first and Free and Go users a day later.", "primary_source": "https://openai.com/index/gpt-6-for-everyone/", "secondary_source": "https://betanews.com/article/gpt-6-intelligent-ui-chatgpt-free-users/" }, { "date": "2026-10-07", "date_label": "", "lab": "anthropic", "type": "model", "title": "Claude Haiku 5.5", "summary": "Anthropic released Haiku 5.5, a small low-cost model for high-volume tasks, and halved Sonnet 5.5's cache-read price.", "primary_source": "https://www.anthropic.com/claude-haiku-5-5", "secondary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_(language_model)" }, { "date": "2026-10-12", "date_label": "", "lab": "meta", "type": "model", "title": "Muse Wonder and Muse Wonder Full", "summary": "Meta released Muse Wonder, its first frontier-class model, via its API and Muse Code, with Wonder Full for subscribers.", "primary_source": "https://research.meta.ai/blog/muse-wonder", "secondary_source": "https://aimagazine.com/news/muse-wonder-how-is-meta-competing-at-the-frontier" } ] }